| Emphasis of connection between environment and behaviour |
| Ignores (in comparison) mental activities and psychological processes |
| Adjusting the environment alters behaviour |
| There is stimulus (in) and behaviour (out) |
| There is a big emphasis on learning: measurable inputs and outputs |
| It looks for the simplest seen causal relationship |
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Law of Effect (E. L. Thorndike, 1874-1949): |
A response satisfying to the organism is likely to be repeated | |
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Stimulus (S) and Response (R) (J. B. Watson, 1878-1958): |
Knowing, measuring and controlling the stimulus and observing accurately the response | |
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Classical conditioning (I. P. Pavlov, 1849-1936): |
A once neutral stimulus with no more than an attentive response or an unconditioned response becomes trained into a conditioned predictable response | |
| Unconditioned stimulus/ response: | Produces a basic untrained expected response, a starting point to | |
| Neutral stimulus: | Produces no more than attention | |
| Conditioned stimulus/ response: | Pairings that give one trained response to a stimulus | |
| Extinction: | Ending the conditioned response | |
| Spontaneous recovery: | The conditioned response returns after a lapse | |
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Higher order conditioning (Pavlov): |
A conditioned stimulus is a new starting point for another higher conditioned stimulus and a suggestion of language learning | |
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Operant conditioning (Thorndike origins; Watson; B. F. Skinner, 1904-1990): |
Voluntary and active changing responses as a result of previous con sequences | |
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Reinforcer (Skinner): |
Stimulus to reinforce an increase the frequency of response | |
| Reinforcement: | The process the stimulant employs | |
| Primary reinforcer: | Stimulus connected to basic biological need | |
| Conditioned reinforcer: | Learnt reinforcement connection to a stimulus | |
| Negative reinforcer: | Stimulus to reduce the frequency of response | |
| Punishment: | A process of following a response with a negative stimulus, though this may not decrease the response | |
| Negative reinforcement: | A process of removing the punishment to a behaviour in order to gain the desired response | |
| Positive reinforcer: | Stimulus after a response that increases that response later | |
| Positive reinforcement: | The process of increasing later response | |
| Contingency of reinforcement: | Describing how the reinforcer and response relate | |
| Omission: | Pausing or stopping a positive reinforcer | |
| Shaping: | A process of guidance to a new response, and precision of behaviour | |
| Extinction: | Response dropping with the reinforcing stimulus ending | |
| Continuous reinforcement: | Keeping the process of reinforcing stimulus after response going | |
| Partial reinforcement: | Sometimes stimulus after each response | |
| Schedule of reinforcement: | hen a reinforcer will follow a response | |
| Fixed ratio schedule: | The number of responses before a reinforcer Variable, fixed, interval | |
| Discriminative stimulus: | A stimulus to demonstrate what reinforcement is available | |
| Non-contingent reinforcement: | Reinforcers not linked to a response, so chance based reinforcing | |
| Behaviour modification: | Using techniques to steer away from abnormal behaviour | |
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Autonomic conditioning (Miller): |
Altering biological regulative processes by operant reinforcers | |
| Biofeedback: | Information on the autonomic processes to assist reinforcers | |
| Species-specific behaviour: | Responses called instincts connected to a species | |
| Critical period: | Optimal periods for responses to stimulants | |
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Preparedness (Martin Seligman): |
An organism is structured to produce a behaviour; little stimulus is needed | |
| Prepared, unprepared, contraprepared (unlearnable): | Self explanatory | |
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Equipotentiality premise (not Skinner!): |
Equal responses to stimulating in all behaviours across all species (that is, no menial differences at all) | |
| Ethology: | Study of animals in their environments | |
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Radical behaviourism (Watson, Skinner): |
Mental states are inaccessible to scientific methods | |
Adrian Worsfold